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Of course Smokers should have rights.

They are entitled to the same rights as

everybody else.

I think this whole question of rights

for smokers and others comes down to ethical

considerations.

Ethics is all about doing what is right.

I think it was the Greek philosopher Aristotle

who stated something like that.

And what is doing what is right?

Well this really comes down to doing whatever

is going to cause least harm to others.

The law, our behavior in society, and accepted

ethical considerations often go hand in hand.

For example, it is against the law to damage

someone elses property. This is also not socially

acceptable behavior and it is obviously unethical.

However, consider another scenario, such as

telling a lie. Now, this may or may not be against

the law. It is really a consideration of the

context in which the lie was told. And, from the

point of view of our behavior in society, telling

lies in generally unacceptable. But, if as

Aristotle claims, that ethics is doing the least

harm to others, there may well be situations

where telling a lie may be a preferable situation

to being totally honest.

Now, what has all this got to do with smokers

and their rights?

Well, I shall try to explain, taking into

consideration the three factors mentioned above.

That is:

The Law

Acceptable Behavior in Society, and

Ethics

Firstly, the law regarding the use of tobacco

products has changed considerably in recent years

in most western countries.

Why has it changed?

There is now overwhelming evidence of the dangers

associated with smoking and the use of tobacco

products.

Those dangers apply not just to the users of the

product, but also to all who come into contact with

the toxic fumes of burning tobacco.

So, exposing others to these risks is no longer

socially acceptable. And, smoking in the vicinity

of others is certainly not causing least harm, so

therefore is also unethical.

Laws tend to reflect societies values.

In my part of the world, smoking is no longer

allowed in restaurants, pubs, clubs, and in

most work places.

It is not legal, socially acceptable, or ethical

to go and beat up someone.

Even if it is legal in some places, it certainly

is not socially acceptable or ethical for smokers

to breathe their dangerous passive smoke anywhere

where others may be adversely afffected by it.

I do have empathy for smokers who would prefer

not to be smokers. I was in that category myself

for many years. It is difficult to stop and stay

stopped. There is not one effective method of stopping

smoking and staying stopped that works for everybody.

If you are a smoker who wishes to quit,

you will need to find the strategies that

are right for you. There are some excellent resources

available for you however.

www.stayingstopped.info is one such source, and has

link that will take you to many others.

But in conclusion I will reiterate what I said

at the beginning of this article.

Smokers do have rights!

They have the same rights as the rest of us!

But, none of us have the right to cause harm

to others.

Ian McKenzie (www.ianmckenzie.name) is Director of Ian McKenzies Domains, and Professional Performance Australia. He has a work history background in education, motivation and health promotion. His web site Staying Stopped www.stayingstopped.info has useful strategies for smokers trying to quit and for health professionals working with smokers.

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How important is it for you to look good to be successful in your chosen field of work? My guess is it is very important. In this competitive world, looking good and presentable is a vital aspect of being successful. The state of your teeth and its whiteness can significantly later the way you look. If you think that your tooth has been stained for any reason, you can use teeth whitening bleach to significantly lighten and change the appearance of your teeth. Dentists all over the world recommend teeth whitening bleach for having shinny white teeth.

After you have decided that you need to whiten your teeth, the first thing you will have to do is consult your dentist. Your dentist is the best person to judge whether you need to use teeth whitening bleach or any other procedure to whiten the color of your teeth. Other than using teeth whitening bleach there are many other procedures that can be used to lighten the stains on your teeth.

Stains on your teeth can happen due to a variety of lifestyle and health conditions. Some of the most common causes for staining of teeth are excessive intake of tea, coffee, tobacco products, cola, red wine and some other medical conditions. Teeth whitening are one of the most common dentistry procedures undertaken by people to change their overall appearance. Teeth whitening can last for a long time depending on the lifestyle adopted by the person who has undergone the teeth whitening procedure.

The Teeth Whitening Bleach procedure can be done both at the dentists office and at your home. Nonetheless, an in-office teeth whitening and bleaching procedure has been found to be the easiest and hassle free way of having shining white teeth. At the most you will require two or three sessions with your dentist. However if your condition is very severe you may require more sessions with your dentist for applying the teeth whitening bleach in your teeth.

There are some whitening toothpaste and whitening kits that can be used at home. If you want to use over the counter teeth whitening bleach make sure you consult your dentist and used the whitening bleach that has been medically approved. Your tooth sensitivity can get increased if the teeth whitening bleach is not used in a proper manner or if the levels of acid and fluoride present in the whitening bleach is more then the medically prescribed limits.

Teeth whitening using teeth whitening bleach are one of the simplest ways to significantly alter your overall looks and appearance. There are certain health dental practices that you can adopt for keeping your teeth in good working condition for a very long time. Keep your teeth clean by brushing it twice daily. We have all been taught about this but very few of us actually take the effort to do this. Eat a healthy balanced diet and visit your dentist regularly to keep your teeth healthy.

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Menopause symptoms are: hot flashes, night sweats and others. If don’t want to take estrogens here are some non-estrogen options:

Behavioral interventions: wearing cotton cloths may improve the way you feel, relax, practice abdominal breathing and don’t have any hot showers or baths before bedtime. You are suggested to avoid coffee, alcohol, spicy foods, and stress and use ice packs.

Some women feel better when taking vitamin E although studies haven’t shown a reduction in hot flashes, is recommended to take it during the menopausal period.
Soy has been found as having positive effects, but others suggest that hasn’t any effect at all. Soy isoflavones are also contained in one cup soy milk, 1/2 cup tofu, 1/2 tempeh,1/2 cup green soybeans (edamame), and three handfuls of roasted soy nuts. Natural progesterone cream reduces significantly hot flashes and has effects on most women, it si important to see exactly what’s the quantity of progesterone contained in the cream because it varies considerably from 5 mg to more than 400 mg progesterone per ounce.

Herbs

Promensil, is a plant estrogen found in the red clover that helps reducing the intensity of hot flashes, black cohosh is the best herbal remedy in relieving hot flashes. A randomized trial which involved women with a breast cancer history had results in decreasing the frequency and intensity in hot flashes and excessive sweating and lowering blood pressure. So use black cohosh continuously for 6 months.

Remifemin is a standardized extract of black cohosh, which is to be taken 2 tablets twice per day. You also may find black cohosh in different forms such as: powdered root or as a tea, powdered extract, fluid extract and tincture.

Drugs:
Effexor or Paxil is an antidepressant that reduces hot flashes, Clonidine normally used in treating hypertension helps relieving hot flashes. Tibolone is a promising remedy. Megestrol acetate is approved for women with breast cancer and helps diminishing the severity of flashes. Gabapentin usually taken for migraines has been observed as having good results in hot flashes.

Acupuncture and yoga

There are yoga studios that offer yoga classes for menopausal women and acupuncture has been tried by some women against hot flashes, night sweats, mood swings and depression. Although studies haven’t shown any results in the post menopausal symptoms may women reported that they have a better state of health after practicing yoga and acupuncture.

Physical exercises

Among physical exercises are: aerobic exercises that reduced the severity of hot flashes, strength training, weight training also helps maintaining in a good shape the osteo-muscular system and maintaining the ideal weight. The symptoms in post menopausal women are relieved by physical exercises and the bone achieves greater density and lumbar spine bone mineral also maintains its density.

For more resources about menopause or about menopause treatment please review http://www.menopause-info-guide.com/menopause-treatment.htm

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The Feverfew herb is a member of the daisy family. Feverfew has instilled new hope for fewer and milder migraine headaches. In ancient Greece the herb Feverfew was used to reduce swelling and for womens menstrual distress. The herbs name is a Latin derivative meaning to chase away fevers. You may even say it was the aspirin of the eighteenth century. It was used to treat fevers, menstrual and rheumatic pain. Herbalists stopped using the herb for a few hundred years, but now the herb Feverfew is being used to combat migraine headaches.

The plant grows to about two feet high and it is a perennial. The leaves are doubly divided and have a tooth like edge. The flower will look very much like a daisy with white petals and a yellow center. Feverfew requires lots of sun and good drainage; it is very easy to grow and is considered a weed.

There was a time when the whole plant was used medicinally, now only the leaves of the Feverfew are used. It is best to harvest the herb before the plant flowers. Pick the leaves and either dry them or freeze them. The Feverfew leaves will have a strong, bitter, and aromatic scent.

Migraines are still a mystery to the medical and holistic community. But there have been many studies done on the herb Feverfew. Over aggregating of platelets in the blood appear just before a migraine forcing a release of serotonin. Serotonin causes the blood vessel to dilate. Feverfew, or more correctly the parthenolide contained in it, will stop over-aggregating keeping the blood vessel normal resulting in less painful, less frequent or cessation of migraines.

After many studies the compound in Feverfew is parthenolide which inhibits the brains chemicals that dilate blood vessels. Use three to four leaves to make an herbal tea. The leaves have a bitter taste so you might want to stir a little honey in the tea. You could also make a tincture using 1-2 teaspoons daily. There are no side effects except some people said that chewing on the leaves gave them mouth sores.

If your migraines are chronic you need to find what is triggering them. Keep a migraine diary and write everything you did on each day. Record what you ate, how you slept, even what you smelled and how you feel. Compare the days when you did not have a migraine to the ones when you did have one. Compare several days together. You should be able to tell what is affecting you before an onslaught of the migraine.

If you dont want to grow the herb, there are herbal compounds available. There are a few things that are crucial when buying a herbal supplement with Feverfew. First, try to get a product that has about .7% of parthenolide, remember this is what makes feverfew effective against migraine headaches. Many Feverfew supplements have varying amounts of parthenolide, .7% is good amount. Two other components should be in the tablet.

Riboflavin, or Vitamin B-2, keeps your co enzymes stable, they are necessary for keeping your brain functioning well. There are studies being done to see if Riboflavin could be used on its own to treat migraines, but it seems to be more effective with the other two ingredients.

Magnesium is the third ingredient that you should find in the supplement. In many of the studies of it is showing to be a critical component for people who suffer from migraine headaches. Without magnesium, in your body you will lack sleep, develop stomach pain, shorten you breath or make you feel weak. It has been shown to lessen migraine pain.

There is one product that I have seen recommended time after time and that is MigreLief. I do not work with that company and get no financial gain by mentioning them in this article. You can find it in health food stores and on the internet.

This migraine therapy must be done daily and will take at least four weeks for you to see a difference. Isnt worth four weeks worth it to lessen and perhaps eliminate migraine pain? It may take up to three months to see a serious benefit for you and to get rid of those awful migraine headaches. Do some research on the herb Feverfew; youll be glad you did.

Copyright © Mary Hanna, All Rights Reserved.

This article may be distributed freely on your website and in your ezines, as long as this entire article, copyright notice, links and the resource box are unchanged.

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The mangosteen is a fruit grown primarily in Southeast Asia and is often called the “Queen of All Fruits”. The scientific name is Garcinia mangostana and it is mostly known for its intriguing flavor and many folk mangosteen fruit benefits.

The dark purple rind was dried and ground and used to fight off infection. Ancient healers created an extract of the fruit to reduce fever. Poultices were made to treat parasitic skin infections. It has been used for centuries to treat dysentery, diarrhea, urinary tract infections, and eczema.

Researchers have identified dozens of biologically active compounds called “Xanthones” in the rind of the mangosteen fruit. There are litterally stacks of existing mangosteen research in dozens of countries talking about the benefits of mangosteen.

Xanthones, the active compounds in the mangosteen fruit, have been proven in many scientific studies to promote healthy bodily function.

Actually, countless people with Diabetes have reported more energy, wieghtloss, increased blood circulation, and lower blood sugar.

In fact, I have seen peoples blood sugar drop as much as 50 points in their first week on the mangosteen supplement.

A select few have reported their blood sugar lowering as much as 100 points when sugar was high -just after a single dose!

Many people, including those with Diabetes 1, Diabetes 2, and chronic inflammation, have been very pleased with the mangosteen supplement.

But the mangosteen fruit benefits were a mystery for ever so long. It wasnt until about 40 years ago when scientists first put Mangosteen fruit under the microscope that they discovered these “xanthones”.

Xanthones, according to researchers, are some of the most powerful antioxidants found in nature and have also demonstrated incredible healing properties in reviewed scientific studies all around the world.

Xanthones are found more in the rind of the mangosteen fruit than any other food source on earth. The mangosteen fruit benefits have been shown to include/help the following:

Anti-aging, Anti-biotic, Alzheimers, Parkinsons, Anxiety, Antioxidants, Anti-Allergy, Anti-depressant, Periodontal (gum health), Eye health, Migraines, Skin rashes, Hypertension, Pan systemic, Energizer (Energy booster), Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Tumor, Analgesic (Pain reducer), Nerve pain, Anti-pyretic (Lowers fevers), Anti-viral, Stimulates red blood cell growth, Ulcers, Osteoporosis, Immune Modulator (help immune system), Cardio protective (helps protect heart), Cataracts, Irritable bowel syndrome, Anti-fungal, Anti-pathogenic (reduce pathogens), Anti-parasitic, Supports weight loss, Hardening of the arteries, Anti-lipidemic (lowers blood fat), and Anti-diabetic (lowers blood sugar).

Six Xanthones were even found to KILL CANCER CELLS.

Although the mangosteen is only one food source, its the many xanthones and antioxidant properties that allow it to provide such a wide range of health benefits.

Its most recognized benefit is its anti-inflammatory properties.

Still, Diabetics around the world are finding not just hope, but results in the mangosteen supplement.

With the number of prescriptions increasing and diabetes continuing to spiral upward, the mangosteen has proven to be a valuable and a blessing to those willing to give it a try.

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You may be thinking for opening a new business for which you need a reasonable fund. You cannot take it from your friends or relatives because you do not want to share the profit and your freedom with anybody. You hesitate to go for a commercial mortgage because you have an adverse credit record.

If you think that all the doors are closed for you then you are not right. You can avail the fund you need if you take an Adverse Commercial Mortgage. It is specially designed for the people who have an adverse credit record but need a mortgage. So you can avail it in spite of your adverse credit record.

An adverse commercial mortgage can be availed by you even if you have CCJs, arrears, defaults, missed Payments etc. Lenders of todays market will not shy away from offering you mortgage simply because you have any of the above situations. Rather, they will look at your present financial condition, income and the amount you want to borrow.

Adverse Commercial Mortgage is most commonly used to buy land or buildings for commercial purpose. You can also use it while establishing infrastructure such as office buildings, apartment complexes, health care facilities and retail outlets.

There are many benefits of an adverse commercial mortgage. It has an affordable monthly installment. The rate of interest is low in this mortgage and there is a specially crafted repayment facility.

UK mortgage market is flooded with lenders who are capable of offering some of the best adverse commercial mortgage packages. That is why it is recommended to shop around for the most suitable adverse commercial mortgage. Going through Internet will be easy and quick. You can perform your search sitting in the place convenient for you.

About The Author: The author is a business writer specializing in finance and credit products and has written authoritative articles on the finance industry. He has done his masters in Business Administration and is currently assisting Adverse-Credit-Commercial-Mortgages as a finance specialist.

For more information please visit:http://www.adverse-credit-commercial-mortgages.co.uk

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Halitosis, also called bad breath, is as an offensive odor that emanates from the oral cavity. Also known as foetor oris, oral malodour, or simply bad breath, halitosis is a serious problem. As a chronic problem, it affects peoples lives, their businesses, and their social activities. In rare cases, bad breath can be a sign of a serious general health problem, so it should not be ignored.

One unfortunate facet of bad breath is that you can rarely smell it yourself. Sometimes, a persons bad breath can blow you away and he or she may not realize theres a problem. Over 65 percents of Americans strongly believe they can smell their own bad breath, but this is a common misconception. It is almost impossible to smell your own bad breath. If you want to get rid of bad breath, find the cause instead of just masking the scent.

Here are a few methods to try that might reveal unpleasant breath odor:

• Pull your tongue forward with one hand, and with the other, wipe the back of your tongue for about 15 seconds with a clean cotton ball. Wait a few minutes and sniff the cotton ball; if it smells bad, this could mean you have bad breath.

• Floss a few of your back teeth with a piece of unflavored, unwaxed dental floss. Again, wait a few minutes and then sniff the floss. Its likely that this is what your breath smells like.

• Do you frequently have a bad taste in your mouth? If you do, thats a clue that you might have bad breath.

• Ask for a truthful answer from a trusted friend or family member.

Yes, the truth can be embarassing, but knowledge is power! Now you can do something about it! Unfortunately, none of these methods are foolproof. A visit to the dentist is the only way to find out definitively.

Microbiologists and scientists have found that bacteria make the main substance that causes bad breath. When the anaerobic (without oxygen) bacteria break down protein to digest they release a sulfurous compound as the waste product. This compound is what gives bad breath its distinctive rotten-egg bad smell.

The most common cause of halitosis or bad breath is poor dental hygiene. However, other local and systemic conditions can also cause bad breath. Poor oral hygiene, cavities, gum diseases, lung diseases, tongue infection, mouth ulcers and inflammation, sinus infection, diet routines, smoking, tobacco, reduced salivary glands and dry mouth are some examples of local disturbances that can cause bad breath. Drug-induced side effects, the respiratory tract infection, lung infection, gastrointestinal illnesses, diabetics, hormonal disturbances, liver or kidney ailments can also cause bad breath.

Although everyone gets bad breath sometimes, if you have bad breath a lot, you may need to visit your dentist. Whether or not your breath has an offensive odor, assessing the health of your gums, testing saliva levels, and even measuring the levels of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) in your mouth with a device called a “halimeter” are some of the methods your dentist might use to assess your breath.

After telling your dentist about your concern, your dentist or periodontist can help you to find out the cause of your bad breath. Usually, your dentist can treat the cause of bad breath. In some other exceptional situations, the dentist can refer you to an appropriate medical specialist for evaluation and treatment.

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Using Herbs For Hot Flashes

Weve all heard the term “hot flashes”, unless weve lived under a rock, or are too young to pay attentino to such health woes. Hot flashes are typically associated with the period in life where a woman goes through what is called perimenopause, and then menopause.This is the time of life for a woman where her menstrual cycle slows down, and eventually stops. There is also a profound hormonal shift in the body which lowers the levels of the signature female hormone estrogen in the body.

This dip in estrogen and subsequent increase of other hormones in the body causes several shifts that result in body changes which unfortunately involved discomfort and many times emotionally trying times. A big part of this landmark shift is something that has been medically and popularly coined as “hot flashes”. Hot flashes are pretty much exactly what they sound like.They are periods of time, varying in their length, where the body suddenly feels extremely overheated. Have you ever been in a highly stressful situation, or been put on the spot? There is a high likelihood that you felt something like a hot flash, with instantaneous sweating, a possible feeling of nausea and the sense that your body was suddenly “on fire”.The only problem is, menopausal and perimenopausal hot flashes tend to not only last longer and occur more frequently than the dubious uncomfortable situation weve all been in, and they also have some additional side effects that are even scarier if youre not sure whats happening to you. This is exactly the reason why so much attention has been focused on this symptom of menopause.Women find this uncontrollable and unpredictable aspect of the life changing period to be alarming, and of course they seek ways to reduce them or even eliminate them.There are some supplements on the market currently that are stocked on the shelves of popular drug stores and grocery stores, but what do they have in them that helps hot flashes, and can also aid in offsetting the other symptoms of menopause and the accompanying hormonal imbalance?Many times the primary ingredient you will see in natural menopausal relief supplements are herbs and botanicals which contain a compound called soy, or soy isoflavones. These natural plant chemicals can gently mimic the effect of estrogen in a womans body, and can help to replenish the effects of this hormone in the female body.This is the reason they are used in herbal medicine to help diminish or help eliminate hot flashes, as well as alleviate other unpleasant symptoms of menopause and perimenopause.Along with soy, there are a variety of other estrogen-mimicking compounds that are found in natures herbs that are commonly used in modern day hormonal control supplements as well as dating back thousands of years for women who suffered from various side effects of estrogen deficiency.Evening primrose oil is a very popular herb used to quell hot flashes. Evening primrose oil has long been used, sometimes in conjunction with other herbs, to remedy hot flashes by helping to restore balance in the body.Evening primrose oil can, in some women who may be sensitive, produce unpleasant side effects , so just carefully read labels when you purchase anything.Another herb that comes highly recommended for female hormone balance and hot flash symptoms is black cohosh. Black cohosh is another herb that has mild estrogen mimicking qualities, but again, this herb should be treated with caution as well, as it has been known to cause gastrointestinal issues for some sensitive individuals.Other herbs that have these same mild estrogen qualities, and can also be taken are wild yam, fennel seed, and flax seed, the latter of which I personally like to use in cooking which is probably even better than buying it as a supplement.It usually is recommended when you first start taking an herb, to start with small doses, to minimize any potential side effects and test the waters for any personal sensitivities to a particular herb before delving in head first.With a little caution, and armed with some knowledge of herbs that you can seek which can help with hot flashes, many women have found that these herbs, or even combinations of these herbs has resulted in a very successful treatment for their hot flas

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Most companies promote Nevada for a tax or privacy issue both of which do not really work with Nevada corporations. Listed below are a few that we have come across.

Typical problems may be:

1. IRS problems -they may have personal tax problems, they want a corporation without their SSN on the SS4.

2. Being Sued -they want to protect their assets from lawsuit.

3. Getting Divorced -they want to lower their income so they want a C corp.

4. Alimony -they want to lower their income so they want a C corp

5. Child Support -they want to lower their income so they want a C corp.

6. Noncompete –they want to incorporate outside their state so they dont violate the noncompete.

These strategies are very important to understand as to what our competition is promoting!

1. Privacy in Nevada :

What is sold:

People are told that Nevada is a private state because:

1. Nevada can use “nominees�* and keep their names out of state records.

2. Nevada does not exchange info with the IRS (this is true, but there is really no information to share because there is no state taxes in Nevada ).

3. There is no state income tax and no financial reports to complete.

4. You can use Bearer Shares and no one can find out who the owners are (not true).

What are the holes in this strategy:

1. Usually a C corp is recommended for privacy. This is the wrong entity to hold appreciating assets.

2. They dont address areas where the nominee will not sign, many times this includes contracts, licenses and tax returns.

3. This one does not really mean anything anyway. (they may get audited because other companies do not emphasize with a corporation you have to do payroll).

4. No state income tax is true, but most of these people are not doing the work from Nevada , therefore they should register in their home state, and would pay state tax there.

5. Bearer Shares do not show up in any court cases in Nevada s history, it does exist in some offshore jurisdictions but not in Nevada according to our research. Nevada is difficult to find out who owns a corporation here because of the stock ledger statement at the RAs address (not the actualstock ledger).

2. Moving Profits to Nevada from Home State Corporation:

What is Sold:

If you have a California C corp that earns 100k in profits and you pay state taxes of about 10% (actually 8.84%) you would pay about 10k in state income taxes. If you could form a Nevada C corp as a marketing company, you could expense out 100k in profits to Nevada and save the California state taxes and this might only cost you 3k to set up in Nevada .

What are the holes in this strategy:

1. The C corporation in Nevada is probably a PSC{what is a PSC} and would be subject to 35% tax on audit.

2. The C corp may be part of a controlled group with the California C corporation which means you only get 1 federal tax bracket (pay higher taxes then, which was promoted by the person who sold you this strategy).

3. You are not told about having an employee in Nevada doing the work , therefore, no payroll is usually handled. Then you have a problem if money is taken out of the C corp that no employees where paid and the IRS is not going to like that. {cant make sense of this statement}

Employees in California , create nexus, therefore the corporation should register in California .

4. Other Incorporating companies dont tell you that you really NEVER do any WORK in Nevada , and could be subject to audit by California at some point.

5. How do you receive money from the corporation later on? The C corp would be subject to double taxation!

3. What other Nevada Incorporation Services are Selling:

Nevada C Corporations:

Form a Nevada C corp for the following reasons:

1. Privacy with a C corp being in Nevada (m…

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Bonsai trees are created from standard types of tress. Many believe they are some special dwarf species and thats just not true. The small size of the tree is the result of careful pruning of the branches and the roots.

Growing and creating bonsai is a wonderful hobby. It takes up little space, is not demanding upon your time, is a creative outlet and can empower you with a wonderful feeling of accomplishment.

Many different trees are good subjects for bonsai, but maple is one of the favorites. Some say the easiest to work on are the green leafed types such as pure Japanese Maple (acer palmatum), and Trident Maple (a.buergerianum).

To be successful growing a bonsai tree you must develop some specialized knowledge. That includes soil preparation and watering, but careful pruning is foremost in successfully turning a tree in the work of art called bonsai.

Just like any artist, before you can create a work of art you must have a vision of what you wish to create. Most bonsai experts use a simple drawing to formulate their ideas. Others may use software designed for gardeners as the first step in the process. When you completed you design you are ready to plan the pruning techniques you will use to achieve your vision.

Finger pruning is the next step in creating the bonsai. Finger pruning conifers means pinching new growth to begin shaping the tree. The technique of finger pruning is simply supporting the tree or branch with one hand. You then take the unwanted new growth between the thumb and forefinger of your other hand. Now you just twist sharply to remove the growth, avoiding a harmful pull on the branch or tree.

It sounds simple but finger pruning takes some practice to do correctly. The first tree you grow should be considered your practice tree. Dont attempt to build your skills on a valuable bonsai. You can learn by practicing on an ordinary small bush. You will know that you have mastered the technique when you can remove growth cleanly without tugging on the plant.

Finger pruning is not compatible with all plants. Deciduous trees, such as maples and Chinese elms, require scissor tip pruning. With these trees you must trim the unwanted new shoots back to your match your predetermined design or sketch.

Defoliation (leaf pruning) is another shaping skill you must acquire. It is done with some deciduous trees and bushes, such as ficus. Defoliation is usually done in mid-summer, using a fine pair of scissors to remove half the number of leaves while leaving the stems untouched.

You will quickly learn that shaping the tree to your desired look is why you are pruning leaves and branches.

Next you must consider root pruning. This type of pruning is done to maintain the basic health of the tree. It should be coordinated with your branch pruning schedule.

The growth of the roots is affected by your pruning of the branches and leaves. Heavy branch pruning slows the growth of the root system. In this case there are fewer leaves and branches, so the roots need to supply fewer nutrients and less moisture to the tree.

It is very important to examine the roots at least every two years. Depending upon the age, species and the size of the pot, some trees can become root bound. Roots naturally curve within the soil and container. They will start to curve inward when they meet the side of the pot. They will be pressed for space and have nowhere to go but up when the available space is occupied by more roots. Thats why root pruning is required.

Roots must be trimmed with very sharp scissors to prevent them from running out of growing space. It is recommended that you trim the roots to about two thirds of their current length. While you are doing this it is a good idea to eliminate a few older roots and a few of the younger roots. Just be sure you leave enough roots to support the tree.

Another way to avoid the tree becoming root bound is to transfer larger and older trees into larger pots.

The species of tree determines the proper pruning time. Full-sized trees of the same species can be used as a pruning guideline.

Some species need to be pruned at the beginning of growth season to stunt growth. Other species need to be pruned at the end of growing season to leave fewer roots, leaves, and branches prior to the dormant period.

With just a little skill and care you and your bonsai tree will share a happy and healthy life together.

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